The Secret Codes

Signal Words

The Present Perfect often hides behind specific words. Master these keywords to know exactly when to use this tense.

Immediate Past

Just / Already / Yet

Just

Use for actions completed a very short time ago.

"I have just eaten."

(= I am full right now)

"Look! He has just arrived."

"We have just finished the test."

Already

Something happened sooner than expected.

"Don't worry, I have already paid the bill."

"The train has already left!"

"I've already seen this movie."

Yet

Use in Negatives and Questions. Usually at the end.

"Have you finished your homework yet?"

"I haven't told him yet."

"Has the bus arrived yet?"

Life Experience

Ever / Never / Before

Ever

Questions

Means "at any time in your life".

  • "Have you ever ridden a horse?"
  • "Has she ever been to London?"
  • "Nobody has ever told me that."

Never

Negatives

Means "not at any time".
Warning: Do not use "not" with Never!

  • "I have never failed a test."
  • "She has never seen snow."
  • "We have never met him before."

Duration & Progress

So far / Recently / For / Since

Recently / Lately

Used to describe things that happened not long ago.

"I haven't slept well lately."

"Have you seen any good movies recently?"

"She has recently changed jobs."

"We have been very busy lately."

So Far / Up to now

Means "from the beginning until this moment". Often used with numbers.

"I have written 5 pages so far."

"Everything has been great so far."

"We haven't had any problems up to now."

"How many students have arrived so far?"

Master List: For vs. Since

SINCE (Point in time)

Specific Year Since 1995
Specific Month Since January
Specific Day Since last Tuesday
Clock Time Since 8:00 AM
Life Event Since I got married
Beginning Since the start
Yesterday Since yesterday

FOR (Period of time)

Number of years For 10 years
Number of months For 6 months
Number of days For 3 days
Number of hours For 2 hours
Vague long time For a long time
Vague short time For a while
Generations For ages